Direkte vertaling van die Bybel as antieke teks net n nuwe benaming vir n stokkerige woordelikse vertaling Opsomming. Die term direkte vertaling kan maklik vereenselwig word met n stokkerige letterlike of woordelikse vertaling. Die doel van hierdie artikel is om te illustreer dat hierdie term soos wat dit in Die Bybel n Direkte vertaling gebruik word, n spesifieke tegniese betekenis het, en dat dit verstaan moet word as n akademies verantwoordbare vertaalmodel wat vir die nuwe Bybel in Afrikaans geformuleer is. In hierdie artikel word, aan die een kant, n kritiese blik gebied op die vertaalteoretiese grondslae van die dinamies ekwivalente 1. Die studie illustreer dat die term direkte vertaling n poging verwoord om n vernuwende oplossing te bied vir die eeue oue spanning tussen getrouheid aan die outeurs van die antieke bronteks en die verstaanbaarheid daarvan vir ernstige Bybellesers vandag. In die lig van die inferensiemodel van kommunikasie word geargumenteer dat Bybelvertaling n baie moeilike vorm van sekondre kommunikasie is. Dit impliseer dat antieke tekste maklik misverstaan kan word indien die konseptuele wreld van moderne lesers nie deur middel van n metateks nader aan di van wreld van die mense van die Bybelse wreld gebring word nie. Met verwysing na Rigters 68 word insigte vanuit veral die kognitiewe taalkunde oor hoe betekenis in taal werk, ingespan om te illustreer hoe die uitdagings ten opsigte van drie soorte kommunikasieleidrade die hoof gebied kan word in n direkte vertaling daarvan. Die voorbeelde illustreer dat n direkte vertaling gewone lesers te staan bring voor die andersheid van die taal, kultuur en wreld van die Bybel. Vir Bybels Hebreeuse taalkundiges en vertalers bring dit te staan voor die nugtere werklikheid van al die oorwegings wat in ag geneem en nog nagevors moet word as hulle n antieke teks direk probeer vertaal. Trefwoorde Afrikaanse Bybels Bybelvertaling Bybelse Hebreeus Bybels Hebreeus dinamies ekwivalente vertaling direkte vertaling diskoersmerkers funksionalistiese vertaalmodel geskiedenis van Bybelvertaling indirekte vertaling inferensiemodel kerkbybel kodemodel kognitiewe taalkunde kognitiewe semantiek kommunikasieleidraad kommunikasiemodel letterlike vertaling relevansieteorie skopos skoposteorie semantiese potensiaal vertaalekwivalent woordelikse vertaling woordorde. Abstract A direct translation of the Bible as ancient text only a new name for a stilted word for word translation The term direct translation can easily be associated with a literal or word for word translation. However, the purpose of this descriptive study is to illustrate that this term as used with reference to The Bible A direct translation has a very specific technical meaning it must be understood in terms of the academically justifiable model of translation that has been developed for a project of the Bible Society of South Africa to prepare a new translation of the Bible in Afrikaans. This project has been launched in response to a request by churches that use the Bible in Afrikaans, for a more source oriented translation of the Bible. A brief overview of the history of the Bible in Afrikaans indicates that after a few unsuccessful attempts, the first official translation of the Bible in Afrikaans appeared in 1. This word for word translation was revised in 1. A dynamic equivalent Afrikaans Bible appeared in 1. This translation was part of a worldwide initiative prompted by the efforts of Eugene Nida to provide readers with Bibles that they could understand easily. The Theory And Practice Of Translation Nida Taber Pdf Download' title='The Theory And Practice Of Translation Nida Taber Pdf Download' />He used insights from the code model of communication and from linguistic models of his day to develop a model for Bible translation that does not follow the source texts word for word, but purports to give translators guidance to prepare translations in a scientific way which will also be faithful to the source text. According to the code model, linguistic symbols are like containers in which messages are packaged. According to Nidas model of dynamic equivalence, translators have to decode unpack the source texts and capture the message of the source text in terms of kernel clauses. In the translation process they have to recode repack the messages of these kernel clauses in terms of the target language symbols. These symbols should have the same effect on readers today as the source texts had on their first audiences. This model of Bible translation was widely embraced by translation agencies, and most translations of the last quarter of the 2. At the turn of the century, however, due to developments in linguistics, communication and translation studies, criticism was levelled against one of the foundations of Nidas model the code model of communication. It was argued that linguistic symbols are not merely codes which contain messages that can be unpacked and replaced. On the contrary, these symbols represent the entire conceptual world of a speech community, and often cannot be captured by a mere translation equivalent in the target language text. The immunopathogenesis of type 1 diabetes mellitus is associated with Tlymphocyte autoimmunity. However, there is growing evidence that B lymphocytes play a role in. Review Article. Drug Therapy. Immunosuppressive Drugs for Kidney Transplantation. Philip F. Halloran, M. D., Ph. D. N Engl J Med 2004 35127152729 December 23, 2004. The inferential model of communication as formulated by proponents of the relevance theory was proposed as an attempt to capture this complexity of language and communication. When the Bible Society of South Africa was requested at the beginning of the 2. Bible, in particular to address the needs of more conservative churches which never accepted the 1. Society was faced with a dilemma. Neither a mere word for word translation, nor a functional equivalent translation could any longer be academically justified. Ensuing research led to a model of translation that rests on the insights of Christiane Nord a scholar of functionalist translation and Ernst August Gutt a Bible translation theorist who was a student of the founders of relevance theory. Nord provided a framework for the range of parameters that need to be considered if a translation is to be successful. For example, in the case of documentary translations like legal documents and religious texts like the Bible, loyalty to the author of the source text, as well as loyalty to the commissioner of the translation, is crucial. How this could be accomplished should be negotiated between the professional translator and the commissioner by means of a translation brief. In the case of this new Bible, it was negotiated between a team of translation study and Biblical scholars and the committee that represents churches that use the Bible in Afrikaans. A translation brief was negotiated by the parties. Astronomy Logbook Software. How the brief should be accomplished was described in terms of the skopos of the project. For this purpose, insights from Gutt were used. According to him, Bible translation is a difficult form of secondary communication. The Theory And Practice Of Translation Nida Taber Pdf ViewerThis implies that if the conceptual world of the people of the Biblical world is not brought closer to that of modern readers, a translation of the Biblical text could easily be misunderstood. Gutt uses the terms direct and indirectspeech as metaphors to distinguish between what he calls a direct and an indirect translation. In the case of the former, the translation is presented as if the Bible authors are directly quoted, that is, as though they were speaking Afrikaans in their time. In the Afrikaans translation, the translators then interpretively resemble all the communicative clues in the source texts of the Bible., not in terms of the conceptual word of modern readers, but of that of the ancient authors.